A Clinician's Perspective on the Accuracy of the Shade Determination of Dental Ceramics-A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: No systematic review or meta-analysis has been identified that provides a clinician's perspective on the shade selection process for ceramic restorations. The aim of the present systematic review is to find and systematize the available knowledge by referring to the methods to assess the color of dental ceramics. METHODS: The final search was performed on 10 December 2023 in six search engines. The keywords used in the search strategy were as follows: ("color matching" OR "shade matching" OR "color measurement" AND "porcelain" OR "dental ceramics") AND "dentistry" AND "accuracy". RESULTS: The search strategy identified 139 potential articles. After the screening process, sixteen articles were included in the review. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the most common method, the visual method, has lower accuracy and repeatability. Devices like spectrophotometers and colorimeters provide precise, repeatable, and objective measurements, but fail to be widely applied in everyday clinical practice. Clinicians should not rely solely on their senses for shade determination, but should turn to quantitative methods. Colorimetric devices connected to mobile applications are an interesting and useful tool. Software and apps based on artificial intelligence are emerging as promising tools, but they require further research.

Orthodontic treatment demand for fixed treatment and aligners among young adults in middle Europe and South America - a questionnaire study.

BACKGROUND: Patients experiencing any malocclusion, may desire for treatment. However, there is no scientific information orthodontic treatment demand and the knowledge of young adults about orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to assess orthodontic treatment demand in young adults from Poland and Chile, their previous orthodontic experience and their knowledge on fixed and aligner orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The target group comprised people aged 18-30. The sample size was estimated as above 400 for each country. The survey was carried out in Polish and Spanish within 3 months and consisted of 25 questions delivered via social media. Comparisons were made between countries, age subgroups and gender. RESULTS: The response rate was 1,99%, what stands for 1092 responses, 670 from Chile and 422 from Poland, respectively. The percentage of young adults who were already treated was 42,9% in Poland and 25,0% in Chile. The ones planning to have orthodontic treatment within a year counted for 11,8% in Poland and 5,3% in Chile. Most young adults who want to be treated (20,6%) rely on doctor's recommendation on type of appliance while 14,7% of all respondents are interested solely in aligners. Most respondents have heard about aligners (58%). Direct provider-to-customer service without a doctor is not acceptable, neither in Poland (85,1%) nor in Chile (64,8%). Most young adults provided incorrect answers referring various aspects of aligner treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In both countries, patients demand to be treated and monitored by the orthodontist. A high percentage of patients want to be treated exclusively with aligners. Direct-to-consumer orthodontics does not seem attractive to patients. Young adults do not have adequate knowledge referring to aligner treatment. Many people want to be treated despite a previous orthodontic treatment.

Fixed appliances orthodontic therapy as a risk factor for caries development: Systematic review.

Orthodontic treatment is often mandatory to improve the patient's health condition. However, the fixed appliance can create additional plaque retention areas, which can increase the risk of caries development. Clinically, one can observe various effects of fixed appliance treatment on caries prevalence. This study aims to analyze to what extent orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances is a risk factor for developing caries in pediatric and adult patients. The keywords used in the search strategy were as follows: ("caries" AND "caries risk" AND "caries experience" AND" "orthodontic treatment" OR "fixed appliance" ") and ("caries experience" AND "orthodontic treatment").From 808 potential articles, 15 were included in the review. In individuals undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy, several factors can increase the risk of car-ies during fixed orthodontic treatment, such as salivary composition, oral dysbiosis and plaque accumulation. On the other hand, factors that reduce caries risk are, i.e., oral hygiene self-awareness and previous orthodontic treatment. In most studies which used the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, there were no significant differences between the values obtained before orthodontic treatment and after the treatment. Moreover, it is easier for a patient with aligned teeth to remove plaque.In the young population, fixed orthodontic treatment appears to reduce the incidence of caries. In the adult population, fixed orthodontic treatment increases the risk of dental caries. However, education on proper oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment can reduce the risk of dental caries. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database [PROSPERO CRD42022356628].

Mechanical characteristics of zirconia produced additively by 3D printing in dentistry - A systematic review with meta-analysis of novel reports.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed at comparing the mechanical parameters of ceramics made using the addition and subtraction technique. METHODS: A search was performed on four search engines on 5th April 2023. Quality assessment was performed using study type-specific scales. Where possible, a meta-analysis was performed. SOURCES: Data were extracted from four search engines: PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus. STUDY SELECTION: The search strategy identified 686 potential articles. 19 papers were subject to qualitative analysis, and data from 11 papers were meta-analysed. The included studies were of high or medium quality. All included papers were in-vitro studies. No clinical trials were found in the literature. SIGNIFICANCE: Ceramics made in the additive technology in terms of mechanical parameters can compete with ceramics made in the milling technology. There are no clinical studies yet that would indicate the use of this type of material for permanent restorations in patients. Studies presented in the literature vary greatly in terms of study design and reporting of results. The research did not receive external funding.

Three-dimensional microanalysis of tooth movement during the first 6 months of orthodontic double retention.

INTRODUCTION: This study performed a 3-dimensional analysis of tooth movement during orthodontic retention to assess the effectiveness of double retention (fixed and removable) in preventing undesired tooth movement. METHODS: One hundred randomly selected patients were included at the initiation of double orthodontic retention with fixed retainers and vacuum-formed splints (recommended to be worn 22 h/d) in both arches. Intraoral scans were performed directly (T0), 1 month (n = 88), 3 months (T2) (n = 78), and 6 months (T3) (n = 66) after retainer bonding. Nine reference points were marked on each tooth in every patient. Subsequent scans were superimposed, and point displacement was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software (version 4.2.2; R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS: Sample size calculation determined at least 55 patients were needed. The total dropout between T0 and T3 was 34 patients (did not show up for appointment). The median absolute displacement value of a single point between T0 and T3 was 0.015 mm. The most stable teeth were mandibular central incisors, whereas the least stable were mandibular molars. Most tooth displacements occurred between T0 and T2, then slowed down significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Double orthodontic retention prevents major tooth displacements in most patients during the first 6 months of retention; however, larger, unpredictable single-tooth displacement may occur in individual patients.

Attachments for the Orthodontic Aligner Treatment-State of the Art-A Comprehensive Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: In recent years the burden of aligner treatment has been growing. However, the sole use of aligners is characterized by limitations; thus attachments are bonded to the teeth to improve aligner retention and tooth movement. Nevertheless, it is often still a challenge to clinically achieve the planned movement. Thus, the aim of this study is to discuss the evidence of the shape, placement and bonding of composite attachments. METHODS: A query was carried out in six databases on 10 December 2022 using the search string ("orthodontics" OR "malocclusion" OR "Tooth movement techniques AND ("aligner*" OR "thermoformed splints" OR "invisible splint*" AND ("attachment*" OR "accessor*" OR "auxill*" AND "position*"). RESULTS: There were 209 potential articles identified. Finally, twenty-six articles were included. Four referred to attachment bonding, and twenty-two comprised the influence of composite attachment on movement efficacy. Quality assessment tools were used according to the study type. CONCLUSIONS: The use of attachments significantly improves the expression of orthodontic movement and aligner retention. It is possible to indicate sites on the teeth where attachments have a better effect on tooth movement and to assess which attachments facilitate movement. The research received no external funding. The PROSPERO database number is CRD42022383276.

3D intraoral scan and diagnostic plaster model under General Data Protection Regulation - Legal protection.

No legal subsumption of dental impressions, plaster models and intraoral scanning has been attempted yet. It should be examined to what extent the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies to them. The aim of this study is to legally classify 3D intraoral scans and plaster models prepared on the basis of alginate impressions within the context of personal data safety and determination of legal protection applicable to their use. The authors set the deliberations concerning legal protection of plaster models and 3D intraoral scans in the light of recently published articles regarding palatal rugae pattern stability, thus enabling accurate personal identification regardless of age or dental treatment. The deliberations concerning legal protection will be based on the analysis of the international legal acts, in particular GDPR. The intraoral scan constitutes biometric data, because it is information about a natural person - a patient is identifiable on the basis of elements defining physical identity. The plaster model itself does not constitute personal data. However, both of them constitutes medical documentation. The biometric data must be processed in a manner compliant with the GDPR provisions. The GDPR shapes only aims which should be attained. When creating a data safety system, ISO or NIST standards may help to ensure the proper level of protection against possible liability resulting from breaches in the scope of personal data processing.

Influence of Primary Palatal Surgery on Craniofacial Morphology in Patients with Cleft Palate Only (CPO)-Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cleft palate only (CPO) is the second most prevalent cleft type. Both the cleft and palatal scarring may affect craniofacial growth. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize scientific evidence on effect of palatal surgery on craniofacial morphology in CPO. METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, PMC, WoS, Scopus, Embase, using the keywords: "cleft palate" AND ("craniofacial morphology" OR "cephalometric analysis") NOT "lip" with inclusion and exclusion criteria ensuring confident, direct comparison between study groups. The quality assessment was performed with Arrive's scale for radiologic examinations. RESULTS: Of 713 potential articles, 19 were subjected to qualitative analysis and 17 to meta-analysis, which confirmed reduced SNA in unoperated CPO versus non-cleft individuals. No scientific evidence was found directly assessing the effect of surgery on craniofacial morphology. The negative effect of palatal surgery was seen indirectly: in treated CPO versus non-cleft, the size effect of SNA is bigger than in untreated CPO versus non-cleft. A high heterogeneity came from a few non-European publications. CONCLUSIONS: CPO is associated with sagittal maxillary deficiency resulting both from the cleft and from primary surgery, disregarding cleft severity in operated CPO patients. Ethnic differences influence craniofacial morphology in CPO. This research received no external funding. Study protocol number in PROSPERO database: CRD42021268957.

Characteristics, Diagnosis and Treatment of Compound Odontoma Associated with Impacted Teeth.

Compound odontoma is a malformation typical of young adults below the age of 20, with a slight preference for the male gender and the anterior region of the maxilla. Clinically asymptomatic, it can be detected during a radiological investigation in connection with the persistence of deciduous dental elements and the impaction of definitive ones. The treatment of choice is excisional surgery and recurrence is a rare event. The need for orthodontic therapy for impacted elements is usually not necessary because in most cases, odontomas are small, circumscribed lesions the size of a permanent tooth. In this article, the diagnostic and therapeutic surgical excision procedure is presented in three patients at developmental age with large compound odontomas associated with at least one retained canine, and in two of the cases, with serious transmigration to the impacted tooth elements.

How Does Orthodontic Mini-Implant Thread Minidesign Influence the Stability?-Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines are lacking for the use of orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) in terms of scientific evidence referring to the choice of proper mini-design. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate to what extent orthodontic mini-implant thread design influences its stability. METHODS: Search was conducted in five search engines on 10 May. Quality assessment was performed using study type specific scales. Whenever possible, meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 118 potential articles. Twenty papers were subjected to qualitative analysis and data from 8 papers-to meta-analysis. Studies included were characterized by high or medium quality. Four studies were considered as low quality. No clinical studies considering the number of threads, threads depth, or TSF have been found in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Minidesign of OMIs seems to influence their stability in the bone. Thread pitch seems to be of special importance for OMIs retention-the more dense thread-the better stability. Thread depth seems to be of low importance for OMIs stability. There is no clear scientific evidence for optimal thread shape factor. Studies present in the literature vary greatly in study design and results reporting. Research received no external funding. Study protocol number in PROSPERO database: CRD42022340970.

Orthodontic Retention-Protocols and Materials-A Questionnaire Pilot Study among Polish Practitioners.

The aim of the study was to analyze retention protocols and materials for fixed retainers used by clinicians providing orthodontic treatment in Poland. The survey was carried out from February to April 2021. The questionnaire was designed using the Google Forms tool. After validation, the questionnaire was delivered to verified active orthodontists gathered in a closed social media group of 615 members. Finally, 104 answers were received. Answers to individual questions were provided in percentages and tabularized. A chi-squared test of proportion was used to compare: the proportion of clinicians using retainers of different characteristics and the proportions of clinicians indicating the superiority of a given clinical solution. Rectangular steel braided wire was rated as most reliable. However, doctors who declared to use gold chain were mostly solely using this type of wire. Multistranded round wire was rated the worst. Fiber-reinforced composite was mainly used in periodontal patients. The protocols used by Polish orthodontic practitioners relied on double long-term retention with regular follow-up. The most popular material was stainless steel braided rectangular wire bonded with a flowable composite. Most clinicians believed they could maintain the treatment results, but they declared that patients' cooperation was a challenge.

How Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Effect Dental Patients? An Italian Observational Survey Study.

The primary aim of this observational survey study was to assess patients' attitudes toward clinical dental practice during the COVID-19 pandemic; the secondary aim was to evaluate patients' attitudes towards oral health by maintaining an appropriate lifestyle and oral hygiene at home. The questionnaire was developed using Google Forms. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: Part A-geographic, demographic, and personal data; Part B-patients' attitude toward oral health selfcare and lifestyle; Part C-patients' attitude toward dental practice. This survey, conducted during the months of November and December 2020, enrolled 1135 subjects throughout Italy. All data were statistically analyzed. COVID-19 has changed patients' approach to dental procedures. Most of the people interviewed lived in families, and their greatest fear was infecting a family member. Restrictive measures forced people to stay at home, which led to an increased consumption of various types of food, including cariogenic foods. People said they felt safe when they went to the dentist, but they also paid special attention to measures to prevent contagion. Among the measures that should be introduced in similar situations in the future, people wanted telemedicine, a phone recall, and the possible use of video clips for home oral care instructions.

In Vivo Imaging-Based Techniques for Early Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are lesions that may undergo malignant transformation to oral cancer. The early diagnosis and surveillance of OPMDs reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients. Diagnostic techniques based on medical images analysis have been developed to diagnose clinical conditions. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imaging-based techniques compared to the gold standard of histopathology to assess their ability to correctly identify the presence of OPMDs. DESIGN: Literature searches of free text and MeSH terms were performed using MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library (from 2000 to 30 June 2020). The keywords used in the search strategy were: ("oral screening devices" or "autofluorescence" or "chemiluminescence" or "optical imaging" or "imaging technique") and ("oral dysplasia" or "oral malignant lesions" or "oral precancerosis"). RESULTS: The search strategy identified 1282 potential articles. After analyzing the results and applying the eligibility criteria, the remaining 43 papers were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 34 of these were included in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: None of the analyzed techniques based on assessing oral images can replace the biopsy. Further studies are needed to explore the role of techniques-based imaging analysis to identify an early noninvasive screening method.

Sella Turcica Abnormalities, Dental Age and Dental Abnormalities in Polish Children.

The frequency of some sella turcica abnormalities on cephalometric radiographs is age related. Chronological age might not overlap with growth; however, no studies could be found on the association between sellar morphology and dental age. Although an association exists between sella turcica bridging and dental abnormalities, no studies have been found correlating sellar abnormalities other than bridging with dental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to find any correlations between sella turcica abnormalities and dental age or dental abnormalities. METHODS: Lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs of 206 children aged 6-15 years were analyzed for sela turcica abnormalities, Demirijan dental age, and dental abnormalities. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental abnormalities in patients with sela turcica abnormalities was 16.98%, while in those with normal sella, it was 3%. The differences between dental and chronological age were higher in patients with sella turcica abnormalities (p = 0.002). Dental abnormalities were more prevalent (p = 0.001) in patients with sellar abnormalities other than sellar bridging than in those with sellar bridging or normal sella. CONCLUSIONS: Sella turcica abnormalities are correlated with delayed dental age. Dental abnormalities are more frequent in patients with sellar abnormalities. Dental abnormalities are less frequent in subjects with sellar bridges compared to those with other sellar abnormalities.

What causes failure of fixed orthodontic retention? - systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: Orthodontic retention aims to maintain optimal teeth positions after active treatment. The stability is affected by numerous factors, including patients' individual features, thus retention should be adjusted in the most optimal way. Bonding a retainer makes retention less dependent on patient's compliance. QUESTIONS ARISE: What wire or fiber splint type provides the best treatment stability? What materials should be used to bond the wire or fiber splint? Should be the bonding procedure be direct or indirect? The aim of the study is to assess and synthesize available controlled trials investigating failures of fixed retainers. METHODS: Literature searches of free text and MeSH terms were performed in Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and PubMed Central in order to find studies, referring to failures of fixed retention (12th February 2021). The keywords were: ("orthodontic retainers AND failure AND wire"). The framework of this systematic review according to PICO was: Population: orthodontic patients; Intervention: fixed orthodontic retainer bonding; Comparison: Different protocols of fixed orthodontic retention applied; Outcomes: failure rate, survival rate. Three different specific scales from the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook were used, according to each study type. Additionally, a meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effectiveness of retention using fiber reinforced composite and multistranded steel wire. RESULTS: The search identified 177 potential articles: 114 from PubMed, 41 from Scopus, 20 from Web of Science and 2 from Embase. After excluding studies inconsistent with selection criteria, 21 studies were included and subjected to qualitative analysis. The main outcome investigated was failure rate. This systematic review has some potential limitations due to the heterogeneity of design between included studies. CONCLUSIONS: No retainer is proved to guarantee a perfect stability of dental alignment. The retainer should be bonded to all adherent teeth, preferably with additional use of bonding resin. No wire or fiber splint present superior characteristics concerning failure rate. Fiber reinforced composite retention is more sensitive to operator skills, and with imperfect bonding technique, failure rate is much higher. During the first 6 months after bonding retainer the patient should be under frequent control. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO database with the number CRD42021233406.

Long-Term Effectiveness of Treating Dentin Hypersensitivity with Bifluorid 10 and Futurabond U: A Split-Mouth Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The definition of dental hypersensitivity is "pain derived from exposed dentin in response to chemical, thermal tactile or osmotic stimuli which cannot be explained as arising from any other dental defect or disease". One of the treatments proposed is tubular occlusion. The aim of this in vivo split-mouth randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a in-office application of a fluoride varnish (Bifluorid 10) and a bonding resin (Futurabond U) in adults with dentin hypersensitivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 180 teeth were treated with Bifluorid 10 and 160 with Futurabond U. Outcome measurements were taken one or two weeks before treatment, at baseline at the application days, at 1 week and at 1-6 months after first treatment. RESULTS: Both treatments reduced pain intensity. Bifluorid 10 and Futurabond U have similar efficacy in reducing SCHIFF-measured pain reduction, while Bifluorid 10 is significantly more efficient for VAS-measured pain reduction, mainly due to long-term pain reduction. Patient age has a significant negative influence on pain reduction, while the influence of patient gender and BEWE of the tooth is insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Bifluorid 10 and Futurabond U are effective in the treatment of dental hypersensitivity. The RCT was registered at the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) #NCT04813848.

Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective.

(1) Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The development of effective and safe vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has been extremely fast. The list of orofacial adverse effects of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines based on the clinical trials are reported to be rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the facial and oral manifestations of COVID-19 vaccination using a survey-based study. (2) Methods: The questionnaire was developed using Google Forms and sent anonymously to a total of 700 subjects (medical personnel) in Poland, Italy, and other EU countries. (3) Results: 223 people answered the questionnaire, mainly vaccinated with BNT162b2. Only 3.1% and 5.4% experienced oral and facial symptoms, respectively. General diseases presence and age have significant influence on the probability of oral symptoms occurrence after the second dose. Facial symptoms are correlated with general disease; autoimmune pathologies and age, at first and second dose, respectively. Gender, smoking and regular medication intake have significant influence on the probability of taking an absence day. Gender, age, and smoking have a significant influence on the duration of symptoms after second dose. (4) Conclusions: Based on the results of this preliminary survey, there is no observed significant correlation between vaccine administration for COVID-19 and facial and oral manifestations.

Maternal and Neonatal Oral Microbiome Developmental Patterns and Correlated Factors: A Systematic Review-Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree?

(1) Background: The purpose of the study was to comprehensively analyze the relationship between the mother's oral microbiome, modes of delivery and feeding, and the formation of the newborn child's oral microbiome. (2) Methods: This systematic review included a search through MEDLINE (PubMed) database (from 2010 to July 2020). Research was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42021241044. (3) Results: Of the 571 studies, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were classified according to (i) child's delivery mode, (ii) maternal exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants, and (iii) feeding type. (4) Conclusions: The interpretation of these papers shows that the type of delivery, maternal exposure to disinfectants and antibiotics during delivery, maternal health classed as overweight, gestational diabetes mellitus, and feeding type are correlated to changes in the maternal and neonatal early oral microbiomes, based on the analysis provided in this systematic review. Because no evidence exists regarding the impact of maternal diet and maternal oral health on the establishment and development of the early oral newborn microbiome, more studies are needed to deepen the knowledge and understanding of the subject and develop preventive and therapeutic strategies of support to pregnant women.

A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment Outcomes Following Guided Bone Regeneration at Sites Exhibiting Severe Alveolar Ridge Atrophy.

ABSTRACT: Severely atrophic alveolar ridges represent a great challenge for implant-prosthetic rehabilitations. The aim of this study was to clinically and histologically evaluate horizontal and vertical bone gain, as well as implant survival/success rate after guided bone regeneration (GBR) for the reconstruction of large bone defects. Fourteen subjects (7 males and 7 females; mean age: 48.9 ±â€Š14.1) were enrolled in the study. They were selected according to specific inclusion criteria and all patients required GBR procedures for placing implants in severe atrophic jaws (bone height ≤6 mm). Guided bone regeneration was performed using dense polytetrafluoroethylene nonresorbable titanium-reinforced membranes associated with particulate heterologous bone grafts. Implant placement was performed 6 months after surgery at the same time as the removal of the membrane. Furthermore, a biopsy sample from the grafted sites was collected to conduct a histological analysis of the regenerated bone. Forty-seven dental implants were placed and followed up after prosthetic loading. Seventeen sites, 8 in the maxilla and 9 in the mandible, were suitable for the GBR procedure. The healing period was uneventful in 13 sites. The average value of vertical bone regeneration was 5.88 ±â€Š1.17 mm. Postloading follow-up ranged from 24 to 59 months. During the follow-up, clinical and radiographic exams showed no significant bone resorption and, in each case, the criteria for implants' survival were respected with no signs of any complications. Histological analysis of the bone biopsy samples revealed residual graft particulate in close contact with newly formed bone. Guided bone regeneration is a reliable technique for reconstruction of severe atrophic ridges. Larger long-term follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the condition of the bone grafted over time and its ability to support functional loading of the implants.

Methods of Analysis of the Nasal Profile: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

The nose is the most prominent structure of the face, influencing facial appearance and profile. Orthodontists have an awareness of facial structures, including nasal morphology, when diagnosing and treatment planning. Maxillofacial surgeons influence facial profile by bimaxillary surgery, improving facial aesthetics and harmony. The aim of this review was to summarize the available methods of analysing nasal morphology and profile, and to assess their complexity. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase using the following search terms: "nasal profile analysis", "nasolabial angle", and "nasal profile cephalometric" in order to select studies providing knowledge on correlations between occlusion and nasal development, differences between skeletal classes, ethnic variability, and differences between the sexes. Studies concerning genetic disorders were excluded. Finally, 17 full-text papers were analysed, which pertained to nasolabial angle, or facial profile including the nose. Data concerning methods, ethnic group, reference landmarks used, and measurements made were extracted and placed in tables. Numerous methods of nasal profile analysis can be found in the literature. These methods describe various numbers of parameters, which have influence on facial aesthetic. Nasal parameters are correlated to skeletal class and nasolabial angle, positions of upper incisors, and maxillary inclination.